The Technology of Gender Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Technology of Gender - Assignment Example Over the progression of time, with more noteworthy portrayal of ladies in the workforce, sexual orientation has gotten limited to family matters and lack of care toward sex is found in the social system. The innovation of sexual orientation is the term used to allude to those arrangements of social practices which assume a job in making a body gendered. This course’s hypothetical premise is the conceptualization and enunciation of the human body inside specific talks of culture that incorporate yet are not constrained to religion, law, medication, and economy. These talks depend on the most profound social philosophies and conviction frameworks and mutually structure a system that directs specific manners by which people should think, carry on, and associate with each other and with nature. Four suggestions made in the article when referenced sequentially in diminishing request of self-proof incorporate; sexual orientation is a portrayal, this portrayal is the development of s ex, the procedure of sex development is as successful today as it was before, and the deconstruction of sex influences its development. In this article, the writer has commended upon the impression of belief system as being without outside. The creator recommends that there exists an outside to belief system, â€Å"a place from where philosophy can be seen for what it is †perplexity, nonexistent connection, fleece over one’s eyes; and that place is†¦scientific knowledge† (de Lauretis). I might want to second the creator in this since science provides a clarification for a wonder based on target thinking and rationale. Portrayal of the subject of woman's rights by the development as ideological portrayal all through the sexual orientation is a to and fro development between sex portrayal and what is made unrepresentable by the sex.

Types Of Pollution And Their Causes Environmental Sciences Essay

Sorts Of Pollution And Their Causes Environmental Sciences Essay Pollutionâ is the presentation of contaminants into a regular habitat that makes uneasiness theâ ecosystemâ i.e. physical frameworks or living organisms. Pollution can take the structure ofâ chemical substancesâ orâ energy, for example, commotion, warmth, or light. Poisons, the components of contamination, can be outside substances or energies, or normally happening; when normally happening, they are viewed as contaminants when they surpass regular levels. Contamination is frequently classed asâ point sourceâ orâ nonpoint source contamination. POINT SOURCE POLLUTION Aâ point wellspring of pollutionâ is a solitary identifiableâ localizedâ source ofâ air,â water,â thermal,â noiseâ orâ lightâ pollution. Aâ point sourceâ has unimportant degree, recognizing it from other contamination source geometries. The sources are calledâ point sourcesâ because in numerical displaying, they can be approximated as a mathematicalâ pointâ to streamline investigation. Contamination point sources are indistinguishable from otherâ physics,â engineering,â opticsâ andchemistryâ point sources with the exception of that their discharges have been marked Water contamination from anâ oil refineryâ wastewaterâ discharge outlet Clamor contamination from aâ jet motor Disruptiveâ seismicâ vibration from a confined seismic investigation Light contamination from an intrusiveâ street light Warm contamination from a modern processâ outfall Radioâ emissions from an impedance creating electrical gadget Kinds of air contamination sources which have limited degree areâ line sources,â area sourcesâ andâ volume sources. Air contamination sources are additionally regularly ordered as either fixed or portable. NON POINT SOURCE POLLUTION Non-point source (NPS) pollutionâ isâ water pollutionâ affecting a water body from diffuse sources, for example, pollutedâ runoffâ fromâ agriculturalâ areas depleting into a stream, or wind-borne trash extinguishing to the ocean. Nonpoint source contamination can be differentiated withâ point sourceâ pollution, where releases happen to a waterway at a solitary area, for example, releases from a compound factory,â urban runoffâ from a roadwayâ storm channel, or from ships adrift. NPS may get from a wide range of sources with no particular answer for redress the issue, making it hard to control. It is the main source of water contamination in the United Statesâ today, with dirtied spillover from horticulture the essential driver. Other noteworthy wellsprings of overflow includeâ hydrologicalâ andâ habitat change, andâ silvicultureâ (forestry). Tainted stormwater washed off ofâ parking lots,â roadsâ andâ highways, andâ lawnsâ (often containingâ fertilizersâ andâ pesticides) is calledâ urban overflow. This spillover is frequently delegated a sort of NPS contamination. A few people may likewise think of it as a point source on the grounds that multiple occasions it is diverted into metropolitan tempest channel frameworks and released through funnels to nearbyâ surface waters. Be that as it may, not all urban overflow moves through tempest channel frameworks before entering waterbodies. Some may stream straightforwardly into waterbodies, particularly in creating and rural regions. Likewise, in contrast to different kinds of point sources, for example, modern release, wastewater plants and different tasks, contamination in urban spillover can't be ascribed to one movement or even gathering of exercises. Accordingly, in light of the fact that it isn't brought about by a handily recognized and controlled action, urban spillover contamination sources are additionally regularly treated as evident nonpoint sources as regions work to subside them. Significant FORMS OF POLLUTION ::: The significant types of contamination are recorded underneath alongside the specific poisons pertinent to every one of them: AIR POLLUTION Air pollutionâ is the presentation ofâ chemicals,â particulate matter, orâ biological materialsâ that cause mischief or uneasiness to people or other living life forms, or harms theâ natural environmentâ into the air. The air is a mind boggling dynamic normal vaporous framework that is basic to help life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletionâ due to air contamination has for quite some time been perceived as a danger to human wellbeing just as to the Earthsâ ecosystems. Commotion POLLUTION Commotion pollutionâ (orâ environmentalâ noise) is disappointing human, creature or machine-made sound that upsets the movement or equalization of human or creature life. The wordâ noiseâ comes from the Latin wordâ nauseas, which means nausea. The wellspring of most outside clamor overall is mainly construction and transpHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportortation frameworks, includingâ motor vehicleâ noise,â aircraft noiseâ andâ rail noise. Poor urban planningâ may offer ascent to commotion contamination, since next to each other mechanical and private structures can bring about clamor contamination in the local location. Indoor and outside commotion contamination sources includeâ car alerts, crisis serviceâ sirens, mechanical equipment,â fireworks, compressedâ air horns, groundskeeping gear, woofing hounds, appliances,lightingâ hum, sound theater setups, electricâ megaphones, and boisterous individuals. SOIL CONTAMINATION Soil contaminationâ (soil contamination) is brought about by the nearness ofâ xenobioticâ (human-made) synthetic compounds or other adjustment in the normal soil condition. This sort of tainting normally emerges from the burst ofâ underground capacity tanks, application ofâ pesticides, permeation of debased surface water to subsurface layers, oil and fuel dumping, draining of squanders fromlandfillsâ or direct release of modern squanders to the dirt. The most well-known synthetic concoctions included are petroleumâ hydrocarbons,â solvents, pesticides, lead and otherâ heavy metals. This event of this marvel is associated with the level of industrialization and powers of substance utilization. The worry over soil defilement stems essentially from wellbeing dangers, from direct contact with the debased soil, fumes from the contaminants, and from optional tainting of water supplies inside and fundamental the dirt. Mapping of defiled soil locales and the subsequent cleanup are tedious and costly undertakings, requiring broad sums ofâ geology,hydrology,â chemistryâ andâ computer modelingâ skills. It is in North America and Western Europeâ that the degree of tainted land is most notable, with a large number of nations in these regions having a lawful structure to recognize and manage this ecological issue; this anyway likely could be only a hint of something larger with creating nations prone to be the up and coming age of new soil sullying cases. RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION Radioactive sullying, additionally calledâ radiological pollution, is radioactive substances on surfaces, or inside solids, fluids or gases (counting the human body), where their essence is unintended or unwanted, or the procedure offering ascend to their quality in such places. Additionally utilized less officially to allude to an amount, in particular theâ activityâ on a surface (or on a unit territory of a surface). Tainting does exclude residualâ radioactive materialâ remaining at a site after the culmination ofâ decommissioning. The term radioactive tainting may have an implication that isn't expected. The term radioactive tainting alludes just to the nearness ofâ radioactivity, and gives no sign of the size of the risk in question. Radioactive tainting is commonly the consequence of a spill or mishap during the creation or use ofâ radionuclidesâ (radioisotopes), a temperamental core which has unreasonable vitality. Tainting may happen from radioactive gases, fluids or particles. For instance, if a radionuclide utilized inâ nuclear medicineâ is unintentionally spilled, the material could be spread by individuals as they stroll around. Radioactive sullying may likewise be an unavoidable aftereffect of specific procedures, for example, the arrival of radioactiveâ xenonâ inâ nuclear fuel reprocessing. In cases that radioactive material can't be contained, it might be weakened to safe concentrations. Nuclear falloutâ is the circulation of radioactive sullying by aâ nuclear blast. Warm POLLUTION Warm pollutionâ is the debasement ofâ water qualityâ by any procedure that changes encompassing waterâ temperature. A typical reason for warm contamination is the utilization of water as aâ coolantâ byâ power plantsâ and modern makers. At the point when water utilized as a coolant is come back to the regular habitat at a higher temperature, the adjustment in temperature (a) decreasesâ oxygenâ supply, and (b) affects ecosystem composition. Urban runoffstormwaterâ discharged to surface waters fromâ roadsâ andâ parking lotscan additionally be a wellspring of raised water temperatures. At the point when a force plant first opens or closes down for fix or different causes, fish and different living beings adjusted to specific temperature range can be murdered by the sudden ascent in water temperature known as warm stun. SOURCES AND CAUSES Air contamination originates from both common and man made sources. In spite of the fact that all around man made contaminations from ignition, development, mining, farming and fighting are progressively critical noticeable all around contamination condition. Engine vehicle discharges are one of the main sources of air pollution. China, United States, Russia, Mexico, and Japan are the world heads in air contamination outflows. Head fixed contamination sources includeâ chemical plants, coal-firedâ power plants,â oil refineries,â petrochemicalâ plants,â nuclear wasteâ disposal movement, incinerators, huge domesticated animals ranches (dairy bovines, pigs, poultry, etc.), PVC factories, metals creation production lines, plastics industrial facilities, and

IAP in China through MITs China Development Initiative

IAP in China through MIT’s China Development Initiative IAP 2013 was a logistical (and medical) nightmare but a fantastic adventure. I broke my big toe into a bunch of pieces, then flew home to London for winter break, then flew back to Boston and got an x-ray at MIT Medical. After the x-ray, MIT Medical forgot I was there (I realized something was probably wrong after I had been sitting alone in the x-ray room for over twenty minutes) so the doctor left and I wasnt able to get the results. Oh well. Next, I spent a week in California at my first astronomy conference, then flew back to Boston (I got the results of my x-ray this time) and onwards to China. When I got back to MIT at the beginning of February and classes began, I wrote a summary  about my adventures and was full of ambitions to write all about my time in China. I guess I got distracted by zumba  and not-zumba, though, because after  publishing Saul’s guest blog post  about (extensive) MIT-supported China travels, I realized that I never wrote about mine. Mine began on whim. I sent the following e-mail to my mom on December 2, 2012: “So, I spontaneously applied to this service leadership program taking place in China from Jan 16-20…and apparently got a spot.” This service leadership program is officially called the Service Leadership Program  and was organized by MITs China Development Initiative, a student-run group. Heres the official description: “A one week long project held in Xiamen, Fujian, where a team of MIT students will mentor distinguished Chinese high and junior high students on the subjects of leadership and service through a series of workshops, activities, and community service opportunities. I found out about it from a random e-mail (probably sent to all of the dorm mailing lists, since that’s how a lot of MIT student groups advertise). I figured hey, why not, and filled out the online application. For the in-person interview, I had to talk about myself and my particular interest in China and teach a five-minute lesson on the spot. After getting accepted, I had a few discussions with family and took a good hard look at my calendar. The consensus was that it would be a big logistical nightmare. A week later, I sent this e-mail to my mom: “I’m going to go, even though it’s…logistically inconvenient. I think it’s something I’d regret not doing later…” If I could go back in time, I would high five myself, then say dont wear your big pink slippers the next time you do your laundry. Unfortunately I cant time travel, so two days later I tripped in my large pink slippers and fractured my big toe while walking up the New House 5 stairs. Anyway, Xiamen. Our MIT crew (~5 undergrads) were hosted by 3-4 local high school students. They were our friends and our tour guides: they took us around town, shimmying through little alleyways I would never have thought to enter in order to get to their favorite restaurants. After a couple days of touring around, we began running our program. This involved organizing leadership training activities during the day, and taking our ~50 kids on volunteer trips around the city. Heres a picture I took while standing on a school balcony, watching one such training activity: Unfortunately, I wasn’t very disciplined about keeping a journal. But I still have what I did write down, so here are some excerpts. “At one point, I was looking out at the water, and there was a lot of foam floating around. One of our hosts, Peter, asked “do you like bubbles?” I said yes, and he replied, ‘bubbles are something you can look at all day and not do anything else.’” “We went to a restaurant that sold noodles from the north west of China. It was very good…I had mine with beef. SO MUCH FOOD â€" it looked like I hardly made a dent. Also, there was this soup that was absolutely delicious that they kept refilling over the course of the meal…SOO GOOD.” “We walked through Xiamen University, which was beautiful. Took lots of pictures (not me, though…ugh. Forgot my camera charger!) After that, we went to a temple, which was one of the most beautiful complexes I have ever seen. We picked up incense sticks, and Lucy (one of our hosts) gave me a primer on how to pray…Lucy said we pray in our heart, so I did.” “After the temple, we hiked up the mountain…stunning scenery. More pictures. Also, nice conversation. Feng Long was part of a group of singers for a school competition, and they called themselves the 21 gongs. They sang a song called the Three Gongs. He said, “the three gongs, sung by…the 21 gongs!” I said “so, 7 gongs each,” and Saul found that very funny. Feng Long didn’t seem to notice, though.” A conversation with our host Peter: Peter: I only know one French song… Me: What’s it called? Peter: “My name is Elaine.” Me: Elaine? Peter: Elaine. Me: Any idea who the artist is? Peter: …maybe Elaine?” “Our driver didn’t speak any English, but seemed like an interesting character. He only just arrived so doesn’t really know his way aroundso we had to stop for directions a bunch of times.” One of our students said that his dream is to study history at Oxford, but he is practical about his future so hes not going to pursue that. There was a banner at the opening ceremony! The president of the school spoke, and a student translated after every sentence. She got a word wrong (“experience” instead of “hope” I think?) and the president corrected her. Then Maia (the SLP group leader) spoke and we started for the day. “Maja gave a short spiel, then each of us introduced ourselves. Shuhan talked about never having the opportunity to do a program like this while she was a student in China, and that it would have been helpful. Saul mentioned being from Guatemala. I said that I lived near the Beatles crossing in London, which the kids LOVED. They all freaked out. I told them about being half-Chinese, said my Chinese name (they loved that too), told them they were always welcome to come ask us questions. a few of the kids from came up to talk with me…they were all interested in Physics. Henry was there, I think, and Brian, and Ben. They wanted to know about MIT, and my research, and they taught me that in Chinese there are “capital” numbers and lowercase numbers. They drew the characters for me.” “While we were cleaning up the tables (wiping them down) a girl came up to me and asked: “would you like me to smash the tables?” I knew she meant wipe. First: the tennis ball-throwing game, which was a little chaotic. I think I did a good job with my group, but that was only because I improvised and made up extra rules and was jumping around. “At dinner, I sat with a few of the kids and they asked me about MIT, math/science education, what I want to do when I graduate, whether I want to teach. They told me a little bit about math/science education in China â€" students are good at it, but most don’t like it, because they’re forced to memorize stuff rather than learn to do problem-solving.” “Last night, one of our hosts taught me how to say “I will never love again”; he says it’s common for Chinese people to say this if they’re tired, etc. “Wo bu hui zie ai” I think. I said this to him, which he thought was hilarious, then to our other hosts, who all went into hysterics. One called him a bad influence. She asked me if I know what it means, and I said yes. (The MIT SLP IAP 2013 team, + the principal and a teacher from the school in Xiamen)

The Great Depression A Worldwide Economic Downfall That...

The Great Depression was a worldwide economic downfall that was preceded by the Stock Market Crash of 1929. The timing of when the event hit countries varied; for some it started in 1929 following the Stock Market Crash and for others didn’t begin until 1930 and lasted until the late 1930’s or early to middle 1940’s. It was the longest and most severe economic depression up to it’s time. The Great Depression affected many businesses, homes, families, people, and investors. During the 1920’s The U.S stock market surged and expanded reaching it’s apex. Soon after, in October of 1929, the U.S Stock Market crashed, which caused the Great Depression. Billions of dollars were lost as prices of almost every stock severely dropped. It wiped out many investors and companies. Some companies took twenty-five to thirty years to just rebuild back up to their point of success they had before the crash. There then began the slow and gradual improvement, be cause there was only was only one direction the stock prices could now go, and that was up. With stock prices quickly descending, the vast majority of investors and families ran to their banks to withdraw what they could out of the banks and their investments to save what money they could salvage before they lost it all. With that happening, the banks and stock markets became financially unstable due to vast amounts of money being taken out. The banks and U.S Stock Market soon after fell and stock prices were at an all time low.Show MoreRelatedThe Great Depression And Economic Depression Essay3400 Words   |  14 PagesSummary The Great Depression was an economic depreciation in Europe, North America and other industrialized areas globally that commenced in 1929 and endured until about 1939. The depression stirred severe effects in the U.S.A that left its economy on the brink of a downfall. The research investigates the causes and reasons that influenced the great recession in the United States of America. The causes comprise of the hazardous decline of the Stock Market in that occurred in 1929 which sent theRead MoreRise and Fall of Lehman Brothers11214 Words   |  45 PagesSemester of MBA- LLM/MBL Degree course, for Financial Market and Regulatory Systems Submitted to: Submitted By: Mr. P.K. Jain Parinita Jhawar (261) Mr. Sharad Kothari Romi Kansara (267) Faculty in-charge Sanjana Khanna (268) M.B.A.-M.B.L. (III Sem) ------------------------------------------------- INTRODUCTION In an increasingly interdependent financial world the recent Global Economic Crisis has had a cascading effect on the economies acrossRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesPermissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Whetten, David A. (David Allred) Developing management skills /David A. Whetten, Kim S. Cameron.—8th ed

Concentration Definition (Chemistry)

In chemistry, the word concentration relates to the components of a mixture or solution. Here is the definition of concentration and a look at different methods used to calculate it. Concentration Definition In chemistry, concentration refers to the amount of a substance per defined space. Another definition is that concentration is the ratio of solute in a solution to either solvent or total solution. Concentration usually is expressed in terms of mass per unit volume. However, the solute concentration may also be expressed in moles or units of volume. Instead of volume, concentration may be per unit mass. While usually applied to chemical solutions, concentration may be calculated for any mixture. Two related terms are concentrated and dilute. Concentrated refers to chemical solutions that have high concentrations of a large amount of solute in the solution. Dilute solutions contains a small amount of solvent compared with the amount of solvent. If a solution is concentrated to the point where no more solute will dissolve in the solvent, it is said to be saturated. Unit Examples of Concentration: g/cm3, kg/l, M, m, N, kg/L How to Calculate Concentration Concentration is determined mathematically by taking the mass, moles, or volume of solute and dividing it by the mass, moles, or volume of the solution (or less commonly, the solvent). Some examples of concentration units and formulas include: Molarity (M) - moles of solute / liters of solution (not solvent!)Mass Concentration (kg/m3 or g/L) - mass of solute / volume of solutionNormality (N) - grams active solute / liters of solutionMolality (m) - moles of solute / mass of solvent (not mass of solution!)Mass Percent (%) - mass solute / mass solution x 100% (mass units are the same unit for both solute and solution)Volume Concentration (no unit) - volume of solute / volume of mixture (same units of volume for each)Number Concentration (1/m3) - number of entities (atoms, molecules, etc.) of a component divided by the total volume of the mixtureVolume Percent (v/v%) - volume solute / volume solution x 100% (solute and solution volumes are in the same units)Mole Fraction (mol/mol) - moles of solute / total moles of species in the mixtureMole Ratio (mol/mol) - moles of solute / total moles of all other species in the mixtureMass Fraction (kg/kg or parts per) - mass of one fraction (could be multiple solutes) / total mass of the mixtureMass Ratio (kg/kg or parts per) - mass of solute / mass of all other constituents in the mixturePPM (parts per million) - a 100 ppm solution is 0.01%. The parts per notation, while still in use, has largely been replaced by mole fraction.PPB (parts per billion) - typically used to express contamination of dilute solutions Some units may be converted from one to another, however, its not always a good idea to convert between units based on the volume of solution to those based on mass of solution (or vice versa) because volume is affected by temperature. Strict Definition of Concentration In the strictest sense, not all means of expressing the composition of a solution or mixture are termed concentration. Some sources only consider mass concentration, molar concentration, number concentration, and volume concentration to be true units of concentration. Concentration Versus Dilution Another common usage of the term concentration refers to how concentrated a solution is. A concentrated solution contains as much solute as it can hold. Chemists often prefer to call such a solution saturated. In contrast, a solution that contains few solute particles is said to be dilute. In order to concentrate a solution, either more solute particles must be added or some solvent must be removed. If the solvent is nonvolatile, a solution may be concentrated by evaporating or boiling off solvent. Dilutions are made by adding solvent to a more concentrated solution. Its common practice to prepare a relatively concentrated solution, called a stock solution, and use it to prepare more dilute solutions. This practice results in better precision than simply mixing up a dilute solution because it can be difficult to obtain an accurate measurement of a tiny amount of solute. Serial dilutions are used to prepare extremely dilute solutions. To prepare a dilution, stock solution is added to a volumetric flask and then diluted with solvent to the mark. Source IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the Gold Book) (1997).

Human and Monster Help People Free Essays

In the Frankenstein, there are six characters that die in the novel. What is the fundamental cause of their death? Who is the real killer? One may argue that this question is meaningless because it is obvious that the nameless monster kills almost every character except victor’s mother, who died naturally. However, the real killer should not be just the one who kills people by his hand, but the one who causes the death of so many innocent people, fundamentally. We will write a custom essay sample on Human and Monster Help People or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the novel, initially, the nameless creature is a really benevolent creature, but, with time went by, people’s discrimination gradually changed him to devil, who determined to revenge his creator by killing his beloved. Therefore, discrimination is the real killer. First, examining how the six characters died may lead to insight for the questions on hand. Caroline Beaufort, Victor’s mother, dies of scarlet fever. William Frankenstein, Victor’s youngest brother, is strangled by monster in the woods outside Geneva. Justine Moritz, a young girl adopted into the Frankenstein household, is executed for William’s murder. Henry Clerval, victor’s boyhood friend and Elizabeth Lavenza, victor’s the wife, are strangled by the monster too. Alphonse Frankenstein, Victor’s father, is overcome with grief over the deaths of his close family members. The monster is, directly or indirectly, involved every time character dies except victor’s mother’s death. But why does he do this? Is that because of his nature? No. The monster is virtuous at the beginning. The whole village was roused; some fled, some attacked me, until, grievously bruised by stones and many other kinds of missile weapons, I escaped to the open village, and fearfully took refuge in a low hovel, quiet bare, and making a wretched appearance. † (73) I found the monster’s reaction to people’s sudden attack is not him fighting back or an act of revenge, which is the normal response of ki ller or any other evil creature, but escape. â€Å"I lay on my straw, but I could not sleep. I thought of the occurrences of the day. What chiefly struck me was the gentle manners of these people; and I long to join them, but dare not†. The monster wants to merge into a warm family instead of trying to hurt them. It means he also really wants to be loved and love others. The above quotes suggest that the monster’s nature is good, meaning he is not the one to harm another purposefully. How does a nice creature, which goes after love, gradually become an evil devil? Something must have happens and gradually change his thoughts. Look at how he was born. â€Å"It was dark when I awoke; I felt cold also, and half frightened, as it were, instinctively, finding myself so desolate. (71) This description above shows the monster is left alone by Victor because of the monster’s appearance and suffered from coldness and loneliness since the first day when he was created, while it is just the start of his miserable life. Look at the first times when he met a human being. Suffering from hunger, the nameless creature went into a small hut and an old man sat there. â€Å"He turned on hearing a noise, and perceiving me, shrieked loudly, and quitting the hut, ran across the fields with a speed of which his debilitated form hardly appeared capable†(72). Once the old man notices the nameless creature and runs away because the monster’s appearance is terrifying and he assumes the monster will hurt him. We can see the old man as a representative of the ordinary people. He judges the nameless creatures by his appearance instead of quality. Imagine this situation: you are a really nice person and keep trying to make friends with others, but they discriminates you because of your skin color, gender or any other characters you have. This will make every emotional creature hurt. Actually the monster’s situation is even worse than that, because he has no companion and the only reason why everyone in this world discriminate him is his terrifying appearance which is not his fault. Therefore, it is reasonable for his inner world to gradually become dark. If people just try to avoid him, maybe, it is still acceptable. But what if his beloved try to destroy him? Please look at this sentence: â€Å"Agatha fainted, and Safie, unable to attend to her friend, rushed out of the cottage. Felix darted forward, and with supernatural force tore me from his father, to whose knees I clung, in a transport of fury, he dashed me to the ground and struck me violently with a stick. I could have torn him limb from limb, as the lion rends the antelope. But my heart sank within me as with bitter sickness, and I refrained. †(94) At the sight of the monster, worrying about monster will hurt his father, Felix spares no effort to attack the monster , while the monster is the one who had always been trying to help this family alleviate life burden and been eager to become a part to his family. Wronged and beaten by those cottagers, monster still refrained from desire to fight back, even though he is strong enough to tear Felix up. It is not the deed of a killer. How many human beings can be as tolerable as him? In a sense, the monster is even nobler than many of us. However, people regard this creature, which looks scary, as a monster, which is hostile to human. Nobody cares about it comes with a heart of gold. In this case, how does he feel? His feelings are afflicted and intensively contradictory. When I thought of my friends, of the mild voice of De Lacey, the gentle eyes of Agatha, and the exquisite beauty of the Arabian, these thoughts vanished and a gush of tears somewhat soothed me. But again when I reflected that they had spurned and deserted me, anger returned, a rage of anger, and unable to injure anything human, I turned my fury towards inanimate objects. †(97)Through these sentences, we can feel the monster’s inner struggle. He wanted to vent his i ndignation and hatred, but at the thought of his â€Å"protector†, he calmed down. Then, once he thinks of their departure and aversion to him, rage came back. However, he only turned his anger to inanimate stuff. He wants to revenge for what people have done to him but his nature tells him he shouldn’t do that. Even if he can’t control his anger, he still tries to minimize the damage by only destroying inanimate stuff. He wants to be a genuine person and gets along well with human being, but was rejected and hurt again and again. The reality tortured him emotionlessly. He was perplexed at that time. His thought was not as benevolent and pure as before. The discrimination of human being towards him made him started thinking of revenge. However, there is something worse waiting for him. â€Å"This was then the reward of my benevolence! I had saved a human being from destruction, and as recompense I now writhed under the miserable pain of a wound which shattered the flesh and bone. The feelings of kindness and gentleness which I had entertained but a few moments before gave place to hellish rage and gnashing of teeth. Inflamed by pain, I vowed eternal hatred and vengeance to all mankind. † (99) This is the description of the inner world of monster after being shot by a peasant whose daughter was saved by monster. He tried his best to save a girl and it’s the evidence of his heart of gold. However, the girl’s father never thought of why he save her life and try to restore her animation, but shot him because his appearance makes him look like a monster which will hurt human being. What if it is a human being that saves the girl? Usually, the peasant will show his gratitude and might even ask him to have a meal. If we compare these two conditions, we will find the deed of the saver is the same and but the attitude of peasant will be different. What determines the differences is the appearance of the saver. Humanlike saver is regarded as a nice person and creature which has strange or frightening appearance is regarded as devil. Isn’t that a kind of discrimination? The cruelty of reality kept swallowing his benevolence until the only thing left him to do is revenge. When the monster compromised to victor at the condition of creating a female companion for him, Victor broke his promise because he thought creating another creature like monster can only bring troubles. It is a reflection of discrimination. â€Å"As I looked on him, his countenance expressed the utmost extent of malice and treachery. I thought with a sensation of madness on my promise of creating another like to him, and trembling with passion, tore to pieces the thing on which I was engaged. † (119)This scene happened after Victor seeing the face of monster. When Victor was about to finish his work, he started to think creating another creature like monster can only bring more tragedies and decided to destroyed the monster’s female companion. It is true that the monster killed his brothers, but it is because there are too many miseries happened, revenge becomes the only thing he want to do to vent his indignation. We should notice that the monster can bring more sorrow to Victor and even other human beings, if only he wanted. However, if he didn’t do that, it means, in his deep heart, he is still benevolent creature. Nevertheless, Victor never care about how many good deeds the monster has done or the happiness of the creature he create, but only thought that the negative consequence of what the creature would make. Victor assumed the monster can never be a good creature, so his thought and decision are the reflection of discrimination on the monster. When we try to synthesis every part of novel I mentioned before, we will find the nature of this monster is good, but, gradually, the only thing in his mind is to revenge. What kind of thing makes a so nice creature become an evil? The answer is countless misery and injustice he experienced. Why does a nice creature have to suffer so much? Is that because of the fault of God? No! It is because of the discrimination. No matter how many times the monster help people, everyone in the novel, even children, thinks this creature is evil and tries to hurt people, so they avoid him, hurt him and even try to kill im. A nice creature never receives love or even sympathy because of his appearance, and, regardless of how the monster felt, his creator destroyed his last hope of being loved, so he wanted to see his creator was as painful as he was and decided to murder victors’ beloved. Now we can see that discrimination makes the nameless benevolent creature become a devil, contributing to the death of innocent people. So the real killer should be human being’s discrimination. How to cite Human and Monster Help People, Papers

Statutory Interpretation Essay Example

Statutory Interpretation Essay Kamal McPherson Cape Law Evaluate the rules of interpretation which guides judge’s in the interpretation of statutes or acts of Parliament and the presumption they applied in this process. To gain an explicit and profound competence of statutory interpretation and rules of statutory interpretation, they are few key elements and definition that must be referred to these concepts. Statutory interpretation is a source of law, which means, where laws are taken from to aid in the decision making process by the courts, and this is how the courts apply and interpret the legislations or acts of Parliament within a situation or a court case. To aid in the Courts’ application of the law, rules of statutory interpretation have been created; they are literal rule, golden rule and mischief or purposive rule. These are rules used by the courts to interpret the meaning of an Act. They are necessary because the meanings of an Act can be unclear, among other things, and these â€Å"rules† are used to make a judge’s task of reaching a clear understanding of an Act, much easier. I must point out that interpretation by its very nature is creative and not something you can view with specifics and in one way but with the view of conceptualizing the dynamics that interpretation itself has. We will write a custom essay sample on Statutory Interpretation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Statutory Interpretation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Statutory Interpretation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The dynamics of legal interpretation are such that an interpreter must go from a general view of the statute to specific evidence and then back to the general view. As such, interpretation can be defined as the art or process of determining the intended meaning of a written document, such as a constitution, statute, contract, deed, or will. The interpretation of written documents is fundamental to the process and Practice of Law. Interpretation takes place whenever the meaning of a legal document must be determined. Lawyers and judges search for meaning using various interpretive approaches and rules of construction. Legal interpretation may be based on a literal reading of a document. For example, when john doe signs a will that names his wife, Jane Doe, as his Personal Representative, his intent to name her the administrator of his estate can be determined solely from the specific language used in the will. There is no need to consider the surrounding facts and circumstances that went into his choice. When the intended meaning of the words in a document is not clearly expressed and some form of guessing is needed to determine the sense in which they have been used, mixed interpretations can happen. In such a case, the words express an individuals intent only when they are correctly comprehended. If John Doe refers only to my wife in his will, the court will have to determine who his wife was at the time of his death. How a lawyer or judge ascertains intent when words are unclear is typically governed by rules of statutory interpretation. The statutes or acts of Parliament may part take of the general uncertainty inherent in the language. Some legislation is not easily interpreted nor understands because of the language construct it has been written in. Language itself is ambiguous. Enacted Laws, especially the modern Acts and Rules, are drafted by legal experts and it could be expected that the language used will leave little room for interpretation. But the experience of all those, who have to bear and share the task of application of the law, has been different. It is quite often that we find courts and lawyers busy in unfolding the meaning of ambiguous words, expressions and resolving inconsistencies. The age old process of application of the enacted law has led to formulation of certain rules of interpretation. Words in any language are not scientific symbols having any precise or definite meaning, and language is but an imperfect medium to convey ones thought, much less of a large assembly consisting of persons of various shades of opinion. It is impossible even for the most imaginative legislature to forestall exhaustively situations and circumstances that may emerge after enacting a statute where its application may be called for. The function of the courts is only to expound and not to legislate. The numerous rules of interpretation formulated by courts are expressed differently by different judges and support may be found in these formulations for apparently contradictory propositions. Language is not a precise tool. Reason being, words often take their meaning from the given context, words are an imperfect means of communication, words very often have more than one meaning i. e. they can be ambiguous, a broad term may be used in a statute which can give rise to confusion and uncertainty, there may be errors or omissions when the statute is drafted and last but not least new developments in society can make the words used in a statute out of date and they may no longer cover the current situation. In order for consistency in interpreting the meaning of legislation, courts use specific rules in order to resolve ambiguity appearing in statutes. Those rules are known collectively as rules of statutory interpretation. Different rules of interpretation may be applied and depend upon the nature of the ambiguity and the content in which it arises. They are three rules of interpretation that aid the courts’ application of the law, the literal rule, golden rule and mischief rule or purposive rule. The literal rule allows that the words and phrases in a statute should be given their ordinary and literal meaning and once the ordinary meaning is clear the court is obligated to apply it even if to do so would result in injustice. Judges may use the extrinsic aid of a dictionary to give words their ordinary meaning. Although there has been a general move away the literal approach in recent years, some judges prefer to start with this method and apply the ordinary meaning of the word wherever possible. A useful illustration of the literal rule in practice is provided by Baptiste –v- Alleyne (1970). The legislation under scrutiny in this case was the then Larceny Ordinance Act. The defendant was found outside a house with his hand through a window choking a female occupant. He was charged and convicted of the offence ‘†¦found†¦in a building with intent†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ a provision of Section 29 (d) of the then Larceny ordinance allowed that for a person to be convicted of such an offence, there be clear and unmistakable evidence that he has been, as the section says, ‘found in’ the building. As such Mr. Justice of Appeal, Micheal de la Bastide posited â€Å"he cannot in the court’s view be said to have been found in the building on a literal meaning or ordinary interpretation of the words of section 29 (d) of the Larceny Ordinance. Therefore in this case the appeal was allowed, hence the conviction was quashed. Analyzing this case we can see how the literal rule is use to the effect of the defendant because taking the literal rule ordinary meaning and assumption which exhibited that once the act or legislation is explicitly understand then the court must apply it, but in this case the defendant was found â€Å"outside† the building and not as the intended legislation remedy to which is found â€Å"inside† in the building, resulting the case being quashed. The second rule of statutory interpretation is the golden rule. This rule provide that if the literal and ordinary meaning of the words of the statute give rise to ambiguity, repugnancy, inconsistency or absurd results which Parliament could not have intended, then the judge may substitute a reasonable meaning in light of the statute as a whole. An example of how the golden rule was used to regulate the absurdity and repugnant result that would emanate from the literal rule being used is in the civil case of R v Sigsworth (1935). Facts revealed that a son had murdered his Mother. As such, the mother had not made a will but, as per rules in Administration of Justice Act 1925, her next of kin (her son-also her murderer) would inherit her respective possessions. No ambiguity in the wording of the Act, but the court refused to let a murderer benefit from his crime. As a result, the judge using his/her discretion to ensure that all is served in the course of justice held that the literal rule should not apply and the golden rule was used to avert a repugnant situation. The third rule of statutory interpretation is the mischief or purposive rule. The literal and golden rule determines what Parliament said. The Mischief Rule is applied to what Parliament meant. The rule was laid down in Heydon’s Case (1584) and provides that judges when deciding cases must consider three factors: * 1. What was the common law before the statute was passed. * 2. What was the problem or â€Å"mischief†, the statute was trying to remedy. * 3. What remedy Parliament was trying to provide. The mischief rule may be applied to ascertain the purpose for which the legislation was enacted, by going beyond the actual words used in the legislation. Courts are in a most difficult position in this regard as they do not pass the legislation which they are required to interpret and the court will strive for a sensible meaning to the statute where at all possible. An example how the mischief rule is apply in statutory interpretation is in the case of Smith v Hughes (1960) Prostitutes charged with soliciting on the streets contrary to the Street Offences Act 1958. Defence made that they were inside a building and tapping on a window to attract men (thus not on the street). Despite such, the Court applied the Mischief Rule and found them guilty because the SOA Act 1958 was designed to prevent prostitution. The protections which common law principles of statutory interpretation accorded to are fundamental rights and liberties. Among other rebuttable presumptions that Parliament did not intend to: * invade common law rights; * restrict access to the courts; * abrogate the protection of legal professional privilege; * exclude the privilege against self incrimination; * interfere with vested property rights; * alienate property without compensation; * interfere with equality of religion; deny procedural fairness to persons affected by the exercise of public power. The presumptions are that Parliament is supreme, the highest and of highest importance, acts of parliament should not apply to a dispute/alleged if there was no act in place at the time of its occurrence to make the dispute/alleged crime wrong, acts of parliament cannot deprive individuals of thei r constitutional rights, acts of parliament should not contrast Intl law. These are assumptions judges make, however, they must be examined within the context of respective cases. Judges operate on the basis of these presumptions to ensure accurate interpretation of law. Judicial discretion is inherent in statutory interpretation. The legislature cannot craft statutes to govern every (in) action. Thus, for example, a legislature may prohibit, without exception, the willful killing of another, entrusting the judiciary with discretion to identify exceptions, like self-defense, that existed at common law at the time of the statute’s enactment. Moreover, when a statute is enacted, the legislature knows that its chosen language may bear more than one interpretation, entrusting the judiciary with discretion to identify the correct meaning of that inevitably ambiguous language. For these and other reasons, judges must exercise discretion when interpreting statutes. The judges interpret the law, and they do this within the cultural context of respective societies. If for example, a strict or literal interpretation of an act may create civil disturbance. The judge will use his/her discretion to ensure that all is served in the course of justice. And the mischief rule as well as the golden rule give judges this discretion.